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Sports-Related Cervical Spine Fracture and Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of Nationwide Pediatric Trends.

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STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE Assess trends in sports-related cervical spine trauma using a pediatric inpatient database. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Injuries sustained from sports participation may include cervical… Click to show full abstract

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE Assess trends in sports-related cervical spine trauma using a pediatric inpatient database. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Injuries sustained from sports participation may include cervical spine trauma such as fractures and spinal cord injury(SCI). Large database studies analyzing sports-related cervical trauma in the pediatric population are currently lacking. METHODS KID was queried for patients with external causes of injury secondary to sports-related activities from 2003-2012. Patients were further grouped for cervical spine injury type, including C1-4 & C5-7 fracture with/without spinal cord injury (SCI), dislocation, and SCI without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA). Patients were grouped by age into Children(4-9),Pre-Adolescents(Pre,10-13),and Adolescents(14-17). Kruskall-Wallis tests with post-hoc Mann-Whitney-U's identified differences in cervical spine injury type across age groups and sport type. Logistic regression found predictors of TBI and specific cervical injuries. RESULTS 38,539pts identified(12.76yrs,24.5%F). Adolescents had the highest rate of sports injuries per year(p < 0.001). Adolescents had the highest rate of any type of cervical spine injury, including C1-4 and C5-7 fracture with and without SCI, dislocation, and SCIWORA(all p < 0.001). Adolescence increased odds for C1-4 fracture w/o SCI 3.18x, C1-4 fx w/ SCI by 7.57x, C5-7 fx w/o SCI 4.11x, C5-7 w/SCI 3.63x, cervical dislocation 1.7x, and cervical SCIWORA 2.75x, all p < 0.05. Football injuries rose from 5.83% in 2009 to 9.14% in 2012 (p < 0.001), and were associated with more SCIWORA(1.6%vs1.0%,p = 0.012), and football injuries increased odds of SCI by 1.56x. Concurrent TBI was highest in Adolescents at 58.4%(Pre:26.6%,Child:4.9%,p < 0.001), and SCIWORA was a significant predictor for concurrent TBI across all sports(OR: 2.35[1.77-3.11], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Adolescent athletes had the highest rates of upper/lower cervical fracture, dislocation, and SCIWORA. Adolescence and SCIWORA were significant predictors of concurrent TBI across sports. The increased prevalence of cervical spine injury with age sheds light on the growing concern for youth sports played at a competitive level, and supports recently updated regulations aimed at decreasing youth athletic injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.

Keywords: sports related; related cervical; fracture; cervical spine; injury

Journal Title: Spine
Year Published: 2020

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