LAUSR

Pain is often poorly recognized, inadequately assessed, and unsuccessfully managed among people in mainstream society,7,40 but this is particularly the case for people who have been historically, economically, and socially marginalized,39,46 although access to pain management is considered a basic human right.10,53 People who are indigenous, recent immigrants or refugees, of colour, LGBTQ2S, less well educated, living with mental health or substance-use challenges, or have experienced violence and trauma, among others, are vulnerable to a higher prevalence of painful medical conditions, relative to nonmarginalized people, as well as to experiencing barriers to pain management services.80,86 This study addresses the challenges of providing access to pain management for people who have been socially and economically marginalized and emphasizes the need for care at the intersection of 2 bodies of knowledge: the broad biopsychosocial model of health, given that social determinants of pain are of conspicuous importance in these populations,8,21,22,54,87 and the growing understanding of the intersections between trauma, violence, substance use, and pain.67 Those who face stigmatization and marginalization are at risk for not receiving health and social benefits broadly available to the population at large.5,6,34,38,64,85