LAUSR

group (n[ 171) and a regular hygiene group (n [ 133). No differences were observed between the groups in terms of patient history, namely, the prevalence of organ infection, diabetes, history of smoking, steroid therapy, obesity, or malnutrition. Similarly, no differences were observed in the patient performance status, type of procedure, and inflammatory parameters of serum and urine between the groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed no significant differences in fUTI-related factors, such as postoperative fever, bacteriuria, inflammatory markers, and the incidence of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical hand hygiene was not required to prevent endourological f-UTIs when double gloves were used, as f-UTIs did not occur when surgical hand hygiene was not applied. These results, involving real-world data reflecting daily practice, can alter operational protocols for endourological surgery, especially those of a relatively short duration. Further studies are warranted to validate our findings.