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PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of the article is to summarize recent advances in the field of molecular biomarkers in neurocritical care. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in ultrasensitive immunoassay technology have made it possible to measure brain-derived proteins that are present at subfemtomolar concentrations in blood. These assays have made it possible to measure neurofilament light chain (NfL) in serum or plasma, and early studies indicate that NfL is a promising prognostic and pharmacodynamic biomarker across a broad range of neurologic disorders, including cardiac arrest and traumatic brain injury. However, as acquired brain injury is a complex and heterogeneous disorder, it is likely that assays of panels of biomarkers will ultimately be needed to maximally impact practice. Micro-RNAs are a novel but exciting class of molecules that also show potential to provide clinically actionable information. SUMMARY Although not yet ready for adoption into routine clinical practice, several molecular biomarkers are on the cusp of clinical validation. The availability of such tests likely will revolutionize the practice of neurocritical care.