LAUSR

DOI:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000597 Over the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in gendered healthcare. Several facts contributed to the increased awareness of gender medicine. For example, cancer does affect men and women differently with approximately half of all men will be diagnosed with cancer at some point in their lives, compared to one-third of women [1]. In addition, men are more likely to die from the disease. Much of the difference in cancer rates is because of lifestyle factors, especially smoking, which has been more common in men. Nevertheless, some cancers that are not known to be linked to lifestyle tend to appear more often in man. In the era of personalized medicine, gender represents the first and foremost step in broadly stratifying patients affecting patient evaluation, counseling, and treatment planning. As a matter of fact, anatomy and physiology do simply differ between men and women. Furthermore, sex hormones affect the structure and functions of different organs and play a crucial role in the metabolism, psychology, and behavior [2]. Urology is not an exception; there are considerable differences in the anatomy of the urinary tract between genders as well as essential physiological discrepancies [3]. Further, the peculiar fluctuation of the hormone milieu in women during their lifetime may play a key role in the pathophysiology of various urological diseases [4,5]. The metabolic pathways do also differ among genders with subsequent implications on different medical as well as urological conditions. Exposure to environmental and occupational hazards does differ between genders adding important element to gender medicine. The impact of gender is not only related to disease incidence but it also affects disease outcome and response to treatment. For example, women and men appear to respond differently to therapies, and recent evidence points toward potential differences in response to the immunotherapies based on the dissimilar immunological response [6]. Another dimension for gender medicine is the discrepancy in access to healthcare. Such a process is affected by gender norms, help-seeking behaviors, and the likelihood of obtaining proper healthcare [7]. It is important to emphasize that the concept of gender medicine is different from women health. Gender medicine recognizes various health aspects for