LAUSR

Cervical cancer (CC) is caused by the growth of abnormal cells in the cervix lining. The most common type of CC is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for 70% of cases. Adenocarcinoma is less common and more dif fi cult to diagnose because it begins higher in the cervix. In Australia, 913 new cases of CC are expected to be diagnosed in 2021. One in every 162 women will be diagnosed by the [1] . CC is the world ’ s fourth most common cancer in women, with an estimated 605 000 new cases in 2020. CC deaths are expected to reach 343 000 by 2020, with low- and middle-income countries accounting for 95% of those deaths. Women with HIV are six times more likely than women without HIV to develop CC, and HIV is thought to be responsible for 5% of CC cases. Younger women are more signi fi cantly impacted by the link between HIV and CC. Programs for routine screenings, treatment, and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for girls are in place in high-income nations to help women. Precancerous lesions can be found early on by screening, when they are still treatable. These preventive measures are not widely available in low- and middle-income countries, and CC is typically not found until it has advanced and symptoms start to show. Effective interventions could lower the high mortality rate from CC that is now experienced on a global scale (age-stan-dardized rate among women: 14.3/100 000 in 2021 [2] . Even while the majority of these infections are self-limiting and symptomless, chronic HPV infections in women can lead to CC [2] . The type of cell that gave rise to the malignancy is how CCs are termed. There are two primary types: Squamous cell carcinoma: squamous