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782 www.pccmjournal.org August 2018 • Volume 19 • Number 8 REFERENCES 1. Anand KJS: Pharmacological approaches to the management of pain in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2007; 27: S14–S11 2. Tobias JD: Sedation and analgesia in paediatric intensive care units: A guide to drug selection and use. Paediatr Drugs 1999; 1:109–126 3. Walker SM, Franck LS, Fitzgerald M, et al: Long-term impact of neonatal intensive care and surgery on somatosensory perception in children born extremely preterm. Pain 2009; 141:79–87 4. Tobias JD: Tolerance, withdrawal, and physical dependency after long-term sedation and analgesia of children in the pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:2122–2132 5. Best KM, Boullata JI, Curley MA: Risk factors associated with iatrogenic opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal in critically ill pediatric patients: A systematic review and conceptual model. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2015; 16:175–183 6. Playfor S, Jenkins I, Boyles C, et al; United Kingdom Paediatric Intensive Care Society Sedation; Analgesia and Neuromuscular Blockade Working Group: Consensus guidelines on sedation and analgesia in critically ill children. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32:1125–1136 7. Thomas M, Dhanani S, Irwin D, et al: Development, dissemination and implementation of a sedation and analgesic guideline in a pediatric intensive care unit...it takes creativity and collaboration. Dynamics 2010; 21:16–25 8. Larson GE, Arnup SJ, Clifford M, et al: How does the introduction of a pain and sedation management guideline in the paediatric intensive care impact on clinical practice? A comparison of audits pre and post guideline introduction. Aust Crit Care 2013; 26:118–123 9. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA review results in new warnings about using general anesthetics and sedation drugs in young children and pregnant women. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ ucm532356.htm?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_ source=govdelivery. Accessed June 8, 2018 10. Vutskits L, Davidson A: Update on developmental anesthesia neurotoxicity. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2017; 30:337–342 11. Duerden EG, Guo T, Dodbiba L, et al: Midazolam dose correlates with abnormal hippocampal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:548–559 12. Kocek M, Wilcox R, Crank C, et al: Evaluation of the relationship between opioid exposure in extremely low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit and neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years. Early Hum Dev 2016; 92:29–32 13. Boitor M, Gélinas C, Richard-Lalonde M, et al: The effect of massage on acute postoperative pain in critically and acutely ill adults postthoracic surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart Lung 2017; 46:339–346 14. Boitor M, Martorella G, Maheu C, et al: Effects of massage in reducing the pain and anxiety of the cardiac surgery critically ill-a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med 2018 Mar 30. [Epub ahead of print] 15. Staveski SL, Boulanger K, Erman L, et al: The Impact of Massage and Reading on Children’s Pain and Anxiety After Cardiovascular Surgery: A Pilot Study. PediatrCrit Care Med 2018; 19:725–732