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BACKGROUND Ethical and financial considerations have encouraged the use of non-living models for simulation-based training in microsurgery, such as commercially available chicken thighs. The purpose of this study was to compare the non-living chicken thigh model to the one currently considered as the gold standard, namely the living rat model, in the setting of an initiation microsurgery course. METHODS Applicants to the 3-day basic microsurgery course of our School of Surgery were randomly assigned to either one group that received the regular training of the School (RT group), including 4 hands-on sessions using only living rat models, or one group that received a modified curriculum in which a non-living chicken thigh model was used for the first hands-on session (CT group). During the following session, all trainees were evaluated on living rat models, using a global rating scale (GRS) and two task-specific scales (TSS - knot-tying and anastomosis); rates of anastomosis patency, animal survival, and technique completion were recorded. RESULTS Ninety-three residents were enrolled. GRS, knot-tying and anastomosis TSS scores were significantly higher in the CT group (n=51), with mean differences of 2.6 points (p=.0001), 1.3 points (p<.0001) and 1.4 points (p<.0001), respectively. Patency and survival rates were significantly higher in the CT group, with mean differences of 22% (p=.0020) and 27% (p<.0001), respectively; completion rates were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS Subject to the use of validated models, such as the chicken thigh, non-living animal models are a suitable alternative to the living rat model in microsurgery initial training. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Not applicable - Animal study.