LAUSR

ABSTRACT Objective Autonomic neural controls in sleep regulation have been previously demonstrated; however, whether these alternations can be observed by different sleep staging approaches remains unclear. Two established methods for sleep staging—the standardized visual scoring and the cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) analysis based on electrocardiogram—were used to explore the cardiovascular profiles of sleep. Methods Overnight polysomnography was recorded together with continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure. Cortical activity, heart rate variability, blood pressure variability, and baroreflex sensitivity during sleep stages from 24 nights of sleep were obtained from 15 normotensive participants and analyzed. Results Non–rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) from visual scoring and restful sleep (RS) of CPC both showed the highest delta power of electroencephalogram (EEG) and lowest beta activity of EEG in comparison with other sleep stages (p < .001); likewise, the lowest total power of heart rate variability and suppressed vascular-sympathetic activity, reflected by low-frequency power of blood pressure variability, as well as a trend in elevated baroreflex sensitivity, were observed in the NREM or RS. This suppressed vascular-sympathetic activity during stable sleep further exhibited a significant correlation with increased slow-wave activity (NREM: r = −0.292 ± 0.34, p = .002; RS: r = −0.209 ± 0.30, p = .010). Conclusions Autonomic nervous system is evidently associated with stable sleep, as indicated by the similar findings obtained from sleep stages categorized by standardized visual scoring or CPC analysis. Such association between cardiovascular neural activity and sleep EEGs can be observed regardless of the sleep staging approach followed.