LAUSR

Understanding the hydration and diffusion of ions in water at the molecular level is a topic of widespread importance. The ammonium ion (NH_{4}^{+}) is an exemplar system that has received attention for decades because of its complex hydration structure and relevance in industry. Here we report a study of the hydration and the rotational diffusion of NH_{4}^{+} in water using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and quantum Monte Carlo calculations. We find that the hydration structure of NH_{4}^{+} features bifurcated hydrogen bonds, which leads to a rotational mechanism involving the simultaneous switching of a pair of bifurcated hydrogen bonds. The proposed hydration structure and rotational mechanism are supported by existing experimental measurements, and they also help to rationalize the measured fast rotation of NH_{4}^{+} in water. This study highlights how subtle changes in the electronic structure of hydrogen bonds impacts the hydration structure, which consequently affects the dynamics of ions and molecules in hydrogen bonded systems.