LAUSR

Purpose This study aims to address policy, implementation and management, the three stages of inclusive open space. It compares both the level of design and implementation of open space in Beijing, Hong Kong and Taipei by following the inclusive guidelines. It also identifies recommendations for policy, implementation and management of inclusive open space and its facilities. Design/methodology/approach Field observations were conducted in 27 parks within three cities. In-depth interviews were conducted with a variety of participants, including visually impaired persons, government officers, representatives of non-governmental organisations, local communities and experts. Findings Most of the so-called inclusive environments and facilities have not been user-friendly in actual practice. The findings suggest that policies are an essential precondition; however, implementation and management must not be ignored because they ensure the effectiveness of inclusive design. Research limitations/implications Comprehensive and continuous studies on the proposed framework are recommended throughout the policy, implementation and management processes. Practical implications The findings serve as a reference and direction for taking a holistic approach to inclusive design of open space in densely populated cities. Social implications This study examines the levels of inclusive open space and illustrates how to provide barrier-free environments that can be used by the widest spectrum of people. Originality/value This study evaluates policy, implementation and management in the three cities based on 29 guidelines generated from seven principles of inclusive design. A research framework is proposed for researchers and policymakers to consider how to achieve effective inclusive open spaces.