LAUSR

In land-use classification of hyperspectral remote sensing (RS) images, traditional classification methods often experience large amount of datasets and low efficiency. To solve these problems, a fast machine-learning method, the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm, was introduced. However, basic use of the ELM usually encounters problems of unstable classification results and low classification accuracy. Hence, in this paper, optimization methods for ELM-based RS image classification were mainly discussed and applied to solve the bottleneck problems. From the three perspectives of ensemble learning, making full use of image texture features, and deep learning, three classification optimization methods have been designed and implemented. The results show that: 1) To some extent, all the three methods can achieve a balance between classification accuracy and efficiency, i.e., they can maintain the advantage of ELM algorithm in classification efficiency and speed while have better classification accuracy; 2) The image texture feature optimization method (LBP-KELM) solves the problem of unsatisfactory classification results experienced by the ensemble learning optimization method (Ensemble-ELM) and further improves classification accuracy. However, the classification results are sensitive to the type of dataset; and 3) Fortunately, the optimization method combined with deep learning (CNN-ELM) can meet the application needs of multiple datasets. Furthermore, it can also further improve classification accuracy.