LAUSR

To fully utilize the system resources and enhance the user experience, two types of offloading mechanisms are designed for massive MIMO (multiple-input-multiple-out) enabled heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). Such mechanisms can achieve a tradeoff between energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) experiences, but also have a difference on whether or not a power coordination measure is mentioned. At last, they are mathematically written as the network-wide utility maximization problems that are closely related to the SEs and EEs of associated users. In them, we introduce a crucial parameter $\alpha $ to adjust the EE-SE preference. It is noteworthy that the finally formulated problems are in some relatively complicated forms. To solve them, some necessary changes should be made at first, and then we can design some feasible algorithms. Specifically, we try to design a distributed algorithm for a mere offloading problem using dual decomposition (DD), and develop a two-layer iterative algorithm for the joint power coordination and offloading problem using DD and two-sided scalable (2.s.s.) function update. Regarding such these algorithms, we show the corresponding computation complexity and convergence analyses. In the simulation, we mainly investigate different network parameters on an EE-SE tradeoff for our advocated mechanisms and another existing mechanism.