LAUSR

As more schools incorporate 3D printing into their curriculum to stimulate the creativity of K-12 students with a learning-by-doing approach, it becomes crucial to understand how users work with 3D modeling tools and to evaluate integrated lesson plans in the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Math) educational framework. Our work consists of two stages: an investigation of usage patterns of modeling, and an evaluation of the usability of Qmodel Creator, in collaboration with Lanyu Primary and Junior High School, Sanchong High School, and Affiliated Experimental Elementary School of National Chengchi University. Participants operation logs, screen recordings, and finished work for respective 3D modeling software were recorded and analyzed. Two types of indicators have been developed. One is concerned with the quantification of learning behavior, including Effective Operating Period (EOP), Trial-and-Error Period (TEP), and Implementation Period (IP). The other has to do with the evaluation of learning outcome, i.e., the complexity of 3D models, including the Degree of Detail (DoD), shape ( $C_{f}$ ), partition ( $C_{p}$ ), and block-ratio ( $C_{r}$ ) complexity. Based on the proposed features, we are able to identify the key factors that affect students’ learning experiences and performance in terms of learning patterns and model completeness. Through these indicators, instructors can gain better insights into student’s learning status of 3D modeling software.