LAUSR

Esophagus segmentation in computed tomography images is challenging due to the complex shape and low contrast of the esophagus. Fully automated segmentation is feasible with recent convolutional neural network approaches, such as U-Net, which reduce variability and increase reproducibility. However, these supervised deep learning methods require radiologists to laboriously interpret and label images, which is time-consuming, at the expense of patient care. We propose an esophagus segmentation method using a U-Net neural network combined with several variations of backbones. We also propose a semiautomatic labeling method with detection and execution components to solve the labeling problem. The detection component identifies the category to which each slice belongs using the bag-of-features method. The edges in each category are clustered using contour moments and their topological levels as features. In the execution component, the assumed esophageal contours are predicted by the clustered model. A convex hull approach and level set algorithm yield the final esophageal contours, which are employed to train the neural network. Several backbones are implemented as the encoder of the U-Net network to extract features. The predictions are then compared with those obtained via manual labeling by a radiologist and the segmentation results generated by the proposed semiautomatic method. The experimental evaluations demonstrate that the utilization of ResneXt50 and InceptionV3 as backbones with U-Net is more effective than that with other backbones. A three-dimensional rendering of the segmented model is performed to exhibit the prediction. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms previously published methods.