LAUSR

Frontend supply chains involve the transfer of large quantities of products. Therefore, incomplete transfer and product loss are inevitable. This paper presents a high-efficiency group ownership transfer protocol that incorporates blockchains to enable the efficient transfer of large quantities of products and prevent disputes regarding transfer completion. This protocol collocates authenticated information of a manufacturer with its exclusive blockchain address to generate an initial transaction block. The blockchain is then used to trace the original product manufacturers to prevent counterfeiting, and a grouping proof is employed to prevent disputes regarding transfer comprehensiveness. The proposed protocol was capable of resisting common off-chain radio frequency identification ownership transfer attacks, indicating its security. A security testing tool was employed to prove whether the on-chain smart contracts could also resist the attacks on blockchain. The analysis and experiment results revealed that the proposed protocol required fewer messages for ownership transfer and half the calculation time compared with the existing protocols. Thus, for the simultaneous transfer of ownership of a massive number of tags, the proposed protocol is the most efficient, with a reduced calculation time, thus making it most suitable for bulk cargo ownership transfer in the frontend supply chain environment.