LAUSR

Blockchain, smart contracts, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are essential technologies for the business process re-engineering of supply chains in the era of Industry 4.0. The agricultural food supply chain is one of the research areas where these disruptive technologies can play a crucial role in automating business processes, providing real-time goods monitoring, and securing transactions. With the help of blockchain, smart contracts, and the IoT, a product’s health and environment can be monitored throughout the supply chain. In this study, we have critically examined the relevance of these technologies through various activities of the agriculture supply chain using the approach of Business Process Modeling (BPM). The blockchain and smart contracts-based findings of the BPM were then incorporated along various layers of the Reference Architecture for Modeling Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0). This enabled us to introduce the IoT, blockchain, and smart contract based smart agriculture framework, Agri-4-All. Agri-4-All can be used to automate the intra-organizational and inter-organizational processes of the agricultural supply chain. We developed, deployed, and tested the intra-organizational and inter-organizational smart contracts written in the Solidity language for a typical scenario related to the agriculture supply chain. Our hybrid smart algorithms implemented using Ganache and Truffle suite reduce the gas cost in our proposed intra-organizational smart contracts by 13.89 times as compared to the traditional smart contract-based model.