LAUSR

Driven by the soaring traffic demand and the growing diversity of mobile services, wireless networks are evolving to be increasingly dense and heterogeneous. Accordingly, in such large-scale and complicated wireless networks, optimal controlling is reaching unprecedented levels of complexity while its traditional solutions of handcrafted offline algorithms become inefficient due to high complexity, low robustness, and high overhead. Therefore, reinforcement learning (RL), which enables network entities to learn from their actions and consequences in the interactive network environment, attracts significant attention. In this article, we comprehensively review the applications of RL in wireless networks from a layering perspective. First, we present an overview of the principle, fundamentals, and several advanced models of RL. Then, we review the up-to-date applications of RL in various functionality blocks of different network layers, ranging from the low-level physical layer to the high-level application layer. Finally, we outline a broad spectrum of challenges, open issues, and future research directions of RL-empowered wireless networks.