LAUSR

Recently, grant-free orthogonal time–frequency space-based tandem spreading multiple access (OTFS-TSMA) is proposed for machine-type communications (mMTCs) in smart railways environmental sensing. To achieve massive connections with scarce radio resources, OTFS-TSMA combines the advantages of OTFS and TSMA. It shows high connectivity and reliability under time–frequency-selective fading channels. Meanwhile, smart railways require over-horizon and all-weather environmental sensing based on mMTC, and the implementation of both would cost a lot in terrestrial networks. With the development of low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, enabling smart railways mMTC over LEO satellite is a potential diagram. However, in this scenario, due to the larger transmission delay and Doppler frequency shift, the time–frequency resource requirements of the OTFS modulation-based system increase significantly and are difficult to meet. To this end, OTFS-TSMA based on differential Doppler shift is proposed in this article. Specifically, in this article, the satellite-to-ground communication system model consisting of three sections is introduced, and the Doppler shift and differential Doppler shift characteristics of access points (APs) are investigated. Next, it is proven that designing OTFS-based multiple access schemes over the LEO satellite based on differential Doppler shift is not only resource-friendly but also has the advantages of service continuity and controllable multiuser interference. Then, the transceiver of differential-Doppler-shift-based OTFS-TSMA and its improved designs are proposed. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed transceiver realizes high resource efficiency, collision resolution capability, and reliability for smart railways mMTC over the LEO satellite.