LAUSR

Under the background of the Internet of Energy (IoE), building the distributed energy resources management system (DERMS) is the premise for further research on a virtual power plant (VPP). Now, the design solutions of DERMS are mostly based on supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) architecture and mainstream Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) architecture. Both have the problems of obvious centralization characteristics and complex system layers. Hence, we propose a decentralized IPT cloud/fog architecture. IPT fog connects with underlying devices through fog nodes. IPT cloud connects multiple IPT fogs and provides local and remote services. Compared with the existing solutions, this architecture can achieve the same time synchronization accuracy and has better performance in terms of system layers, real-time capacity, construction speed, and availability. The synchronization accuracy is less than 1 $\mu \text{s}$ . The I/O response time within the fog network is less than 1 ms, and that across the fog network is less than 10 ms. Finally, a specific application case of a wastewater treatment VPP is introduced to verify the feasibility of the IPT cloud/fog architecture.