LAUSR

The strategic deployment of nodes in underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) is pivotal for enabling critical network functions such as localization and efficient monitoring. Achieving optimal deployment necessitates balancing two vital parameters: area coverage and network lifetime. Improving one parameter in isolation may adversely affect the other, emphasizing the need for joint optimization of area coverage and energy utilization to enhance overall UASN efficiency. This article introduces a novel node deployment scheme leveraging Voronoi-fuzzy C-means (FCM) and salp swarm optimization (SSO) to address challenges associated with random node deployment, such as uneven distribution, coverage overlaps, and holes. First, FCM computes initial centroids for optimal node placement. Subsequently, Voronoi polygons around these centroids address issues of spatial overlaps and indistinct boundaries. Additionally, Voronoi facilitates the determination of an optimum sensing radius. SSO refines node locations within each polygon by converging the nodes toward centroids. Furthermore, a sleep-wake mechanism for sensor nodes further extends the network lifetime. Performance evaluation reveals that our proposed scheme outperforms existing methods in diverse network scenarios. The proposed method achieved a remarkable 99.31% area coverage, extended network lifetime, and reduced energy consumption across diverse scenarios, all accomplished with a high convergence rate.