LAUSR

This article presents the first keyword spotting (KWS) IC that uses a ring-oscillator-based time-domain processing technique for its analog feature extractor (FEx). Its extensive usage of time-encoding schemes allows the analog audio signal to be processed in a fully time-domain manner except for the voltage-to-time conversion stage of the analog front end. Benefiting from fundamental building blocks based on digital logic gates, it offers better technology scalability compared to conventional voltage-domain designs. Fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process, the prototyped KWS IC occupies 2.03 mm 2 and dissipates 23- $\mu \text{W}$ power consumption, including analog FEx and digital neural network classifier. The 16-channel time-domain FEx achieves a 54.89-dB dynamic range for 16-ms frame shift size while consuming 9.3 $\mu \text{W}$ . The measurement result verifies that the proposed IC performs a 12-class KWS task on the Google Speech Command dataset (GSCD) with >86% accuracy and 12.4-ms latency.