LAUSR

This article proposes a novel fast method for flexibility scheduling and steady-state voltage control in smart distribution systems enabled with both conventional discrete controllable devices (DCDs), e.g., capacitor banks and on-load tap changers, and continuous and faster control devices, e.g., distributed energy resources, renewable resources, and static voltage regulators. By approximating the active and reactive losses, a linear branch flow model is presented for the optimal power flow (OPF) problem in distribution systems. Accurate models are also proposed for DCDs which suit the proposed OPF formulation and require fewer binary variables compared to those available in the literature. Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) scheme is modeled in the proposed OPF methodology. The CVR effects on energy saving, peak-load reduction, line losses, and transformer losses are analyzed in the case studies. As shown in various case studies, the proposed method is fast enough for quasi-real-time applications and is efficacious in minimizing the system operation cost, holding an acceptable level of power quality based on the available standards and evading the conflict between control actions.