LAUSR

In this article, the effects of multiantenna users and low-resolution analog-to-digital converters/digital-to-analog converters (ADCs/DACs) on multigroup multicast downlink cell-free massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems are explored. Leveraging on the distributed conjugate beamforming receiver and the generalized additive quantization noise model, we first derive a closed-form expression for the achievable sum spectral efficiency (SE). The resultant expression enables us to precisely quantify the effects of key parameters, such as the transmit power of access points (APs), the numbers of groups, users’ antennas, APs’ antennas, and quantization bits. Due to the joint influence of channel hardening property, multiantenna gain, and intergroup interference, the research becomes sophisticated particularly. The result shows that when the sum-SE is small, the multicast is better than the unicast and vice versa. Typically, it reveals that the full-resolution DAC can be replaced by 5-bit low-resolution DAC to achieve the same performance, and the additional antenna at users can effectively enhance the system performance. Then, according to a generated energy cost model, the formula of the energy efficiency (EE) is obtained. When the DAC quantization is equal to 2-bit, it can achieve the maximum sum EE. Finally, the simulation results are provided to verify the derived results.