LAUSR

To have sustainable battery swapping stations (BSSs), a multistakeholder planning and operational strategy is proposed that involves BSS owners, electric vehicle (EV) drivers, and power-distributing company (DisCo) operators. A multiobjective bilevel optimization approach is used based on the flexible load linking the embedded optimization of DisCo operators and the outer optimizations of the BSS owners and EV drivers. BSS owners and EV drivers optimize their swapping and shifting visit decisions based on tradeoffs in the multiobjective framework. In addition, the strategy embeds the network-constrained allowed power decisions of DisCo operators. Case studies have been investigated such as shifting station visits, network constraints, and profit-sharing. For the Australian case scenario, cooperation between these stakeholders led to varied flexible load and power generation responses. The case studies have demonstrated the utility of the proposed multistakeholder approach.