LAUSR

Remotely sensed nighttime light (NL) data collected by the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership Satellite equipped with the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) sensor have proven to be effective for evaluating fossil fuel combustion carbon emissions (CEs). However, few studies have analyzed the relationships between NL and CE originating from different sectors. The effects of impact factors on the NL-CE relationship have not been thoroughly examined and compared. Utilizing the corrected annual composite average of NPP-VIIRS data (NTL), this letter individually investigated the relationships between the NTL and CE from all types of fossil fuels total CE (TCE); CE from gasoline, diesel oil, natural gas, and cement urban carbon emission (UC); and CE from raw coal, cleaned coal, other washed coal, briquette, and coke industrial carbon emission (IC) in China at the provincial level. The impact factors governing the NTL-CE relationship were also examined. The results showed that total NLs (TNLs) may be a more effective means for estimating UC than other types of CE but may not be a good proxy for IC due to the mismatch between their amounts and brightness. The ${R}^{{2}}$ values from TNL and TCE analyses were higher than those of TNL and IC within the eastern, central, and western regions. Meanwhile, we found that NTL could more accurately evaluate CE in urban areas with a large population size and a relatively developed social economy. Although the urbanization rate was the most important factor in the assessment of CE from NTL, China’s urbanization rate presented an inverted U-shaped impact on the NTL-CE relationship in the long run.