A graphene square waveguide with the small normalized mode area and the long propagation length is proposed and investigated in this letter. The square waveguide consists of graphene nanoring embedded… Click to show full abstract
A graphene square waveguide with the small normalized mode area and the long propagation length is proposed and investigated in this letter. The square waveguide consists of graphene nanoring embedded into dielectric and four graphene ribbons added on the square dielectric. Due to the coupled between the graphene nanoring and ribbons in square waveguide, the electric field can be strongly confined. The normalized mode area can achieve
               
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