LAUSR

Objective: The goal of this paper is to achieve a novel 3-D-gaze-based human–robot-interaction modality, with which a user with motion impairment can intuitively express what tasks he/she wants the robot to do by directly looking at the object of interest in the real world. Toward this goal, we investigate 1) the technology to accurately sense where a person is looking in real environments and 2) the method to interpret the human gaze and convert it into an effective interaction modality. Looking at a specific object reflects what a person is thinking related to that object, and the gaze location contains essential information for object manipulation. Methods: A novel gaze vector method is developed to accurately estimate the 3-D coordinates of the object being looked at in real environments, and a novel interpretation framework that mimics human visuomotor functions is designed to increase the control capability of gaze in object grasping tasks. Results: High tracking accuracy was achieved using the gaze vector method. Participants successfully controlled a robotic arm for object grasping by directly looking at the target object. Conclusion: Human 3-D gaze can be effectively employed as an intuitive interaction modality for robotic object manipulation. Significance: It is the first time that 3-D gaze is utilized in a real environment to command a robot for a practical application. Three-dimensional gaze tracking is promising as an intuitive alternative for human–robot interaction especially for disabled and elderly people who cannot handle the conventional interaction modalities.