LAUSR

Objective: Background theory and a new algorithm for single-point adaptive focusing in transmission mode through ultrasonic barriers via one-dimensional phased arrays were reported in part I. In this paper the algorithm is further extended and implemented into a full adaptive beamforming process, including complete transmission and reception modes. Methods: Corrected time delay patterns, adapted to the local acoustical and geometrical properties of the barrier, are calculated and applied in both modes. Further, an adaptive imaging process is also developed that implements the proposed beamforming process for two-dimensional imaging through randomly shaped multilayered phase-aberrating structures. The method is optimized for the case of human skull as the ultrasound barrier and its application for transcranial imaging is discussed. Results: Laboratory results of adaptive imaging through realistic skull-mimicking phantoms are presented. The algorithms are implemented on a 64-channel ultrasound open-source phased array platform controlling a standard 128-element biomedical phased array. Irregularly shaped reflectors with characteristic dimensions of the order of ∼0.5 mm to ∼4.5 mm were used as targets behind the skull phantoms in our experiments. Minimum and maximum distortional target displacements of 2.2 mm and 25.3 mm (in 12 cm depth) were observed in sonograms when uncompensated time delays were used. By contrast, the positioning errors ranged from 0.0 to 0.9 mm when our algorithm was employed. Conclusion and Significance: The adaptive imaging results demonstrate strong potential of the proposed technique for diagnostic imaging of acoustically reflective head injuries directly through intact human skull.