LAUSR

Reliability of conventional electronic assemblies in real service applications is typically limited by fatigue failure of a single solder joint in reversed cyclic loading. Fatigue damage accumulation in a lead-free solder joint is still not well understood, especially not for cycling with a varying amplitude; i.e., random vibration testing is not representative of realistic service conditions and the common reliability models fail to offer relatively accurate life predictions. Developing or modifying a fatigue life model should, of course, consider the interactive effect of stress amplitude variations, which is found to be substantial. Cycling real individual SnAgCu solder joints with systematically varying stress amplitudes allowed understanding of the fatigue damage accumulation through monitoring of the plastic work dissipation during cycling. The results show a significant amplification in the work dissipation compared to what was expected based on fixed stress amplitude cycling results. Cycling with combinations of 16- and 20-MPa stress amplitudes leads to amplification of the work (more fatigue damage) at the 16-MPa amplitude, but no significant change in damage accumulation at the 20-MPa amplitude. Cycling with combinations of three or more stress amplitudes leads to work amplification at the lowest amplitude, no change at the higher amplitude, and slight to moderate amplifications at the intermediate amplitudes. In addition, the value of the work amplification at any stress amplitude depends on the sequence of higher amplitudes applied immediately before it. It is also found that any high amplitude does not affect subsequent work at a lower amplitude if an even higher amplitude was applied just before it.