LAUSR

With the development of second-use technology, it is possible to reorganize the retired electric bus batteries (EBBs) into the echelon battery system (EBS). To quantify the value of coordinated operation of EBS–EBBs for an electric bus charging station (EBCS), a configuration-control integrated strategy is proposed. In the configuration stage, the number of second-used electric bus batteries (SUEBBs) is optimized to minimize the overall equivalent annual cost (EAC) of EBCS, based on the evaluation model of SUEBBs’ replacement. In the control stage, the coordinated charging–discharging power of EBS and EBBs is optimized in order to minimize the daily electricity cost of EBCS. Finally, six scenarios are compared and analyzed to verify the economy of equipping EBS in the EBCS. Meanwhile, the impact of the lifespan and price of SUEBBs is analyzed by sensitivity analysis.