LAUSR

This article develops a new closed-loop analytical steady-state model of low-capacitance half-bridge Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) operated with the average arm energy control and submodule capacitor voltage (SMCV) ripple above the conventional value of 10%. In this control approach, the level of average SMCVs is regulated directly. As has been already shown in the literature, if the average SMCVs are not controlled, the circular interactions of the inherent low-frequency SMCV ripple and the modulation signal which affect the dc arm voltages will also lead to the variations in the average SMCVs. In order to compensate for these variations, a dc component has to be introduced in the modulation signal (in addition to the second harmonic which suppresses the second-order circulating currents). This is included in the proposed analytical modeling where the three key nonlinear equations are established and solved iteratively using Newton Raphson's method to calculate the steady-state modulation signal parameters. The effects of the introduced dc component in the modulation signal on the MMC electrical quantities are demonstrated and analyzed. The developed model is also compared with the existing analytical steady-state MMC models in the literature. It is further employed to optimize the parameters of the grid-connected MMC. The optimization is based on the improved utilization of the available modulation signal window and is performed with the aim to minimize the voltage stresses on the power devices. The analysis is supported by simulation and experimental results.