LAUSR

This article develops a novel decentralized controller for multi-area secondary load frequency control (LFC) of power systems. The proposed robust-adaptive approach estimates the external disturbance input and uncertainties, which are assumed to be matched with the control input. In this regard, a disturbance-observer state-feedback controller is designed. To offer a systematic approach, controller design conditions are derived in terms of linear matrix inequality constraints. Thereby, for any given representation of the LFC area, the controller gains can be straightforwardly obtained by using numerical solvers. Moreover, in order to enhance the steady-state performance, the controller is modified through the heuristic genetic algorithm. The controller design procedure is wholly offline and can be simply implemented. The developed decentralized approach does not need the information of the other areas, which reduces the cost and the number of measuring units. It is also robust against the power fluctuations of the load and renewable energy sources. To show the superiorities of the developed controller, four scenarios are considered. These scenarios comprise the aggregation of the photovoltaic, wind turbines, and electric vehicle to the power system. OPAL-RT experiments are given to verify the transient and steady-state performance and robustness of the proposed controller.