LAUSR

In this paper, we present the current state of the art in magnetic sensors. The three major magnetic effects that may be used in sensing devices and applications are: the magnetic induction, based on the characteristics and properties of the magnetization loop and its dependence on control parameters such as magnetic field, temperature, and stress; the magnetoelastic coupling, based on the magnetostiction loop and its dependence on stress, temperature, and magnetic field; the magnetotransport phenomena and their macroscopic characteristics, namely, the anisotropic magnetoresistance, the giant magnetoresistance, and the magnetoimpedance. Based on the above taxonomy, we present a variety of sensing elements materials and analyze their characteristics, focusing on sensitivity and uncertainty. We also demonstrate applications in field, stress, and positioning measurements, using state-of-the-art sensor designs. Finally, we discuss the outlook in this field, focusing on the needs of industrial and medical sectors.