LAUSR

This article proposes a novel parallel gradient-based electromagnetic (EM) optimization approach to microwave components using adjoint-sensitivity-based neuro-transfer function (neuro-TF) surrogate. In the proposed technique, the surrogate model is trained using not only the input–output behavior but also the adjoint sensitivity information generated from the EM simulation simultaneously. By exploiting adjoint EM sensitivity for surrogate modeling, the proposed technique can obtain accurate surrogate models with larger valid range using the same amount of fine model evaluations compared with the existing gradient-based surrogate optimization without adjoint sensitivity. Furthermore, because the surrogate model is developed using adjoint EM sensitivity, the gradients calculated using the developed surrogate model in the proposed technique are much more accurate. The accurate gradients lead to further speedup of the surrogate optimization and improved quality of surrogate optimal solution in each surrogate optimization iteration. Since the surrogate model is valid in a large neighborhood and the gradients are sufficiently accurate, the proposed technique can achieve the optimal EM solution faster than the existing gradient-based surrogate optimization without adjoint sensitivity. Three examples of EM optimizations of microwave components are used to demonstrate the proposed technique.