LAUSR

The practical functionality of a brain-computer interface (BCI) is critically affected by the number of stimuli, especially for steady-state visual evoked potential based BCI (SSVEP-BCI), which shows promise for the implementation of a multi-target system for real-world applications. Joint frequency-phase modulation (JFPM) is an effective and widely used method in modulating SSVEPs. However, the ability of JFPM to implement an SSVEP-BCI system with a large number of stimuli, e.g., over 100 stimuli, remains unclear. To address this issue, a spectrally-dense JPFM (sJFPM) method is proposed to encode a broad array of stimuli, which modulates the low- and medium-frequency SSVEPs with a frequency interval of 0.1 Hz and triples the number of stimuli in conventional SSVEP-BCI to 120. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed 120-target BCI system, an offline experiment and a subsequent online experiment testing 18 healthy subjects in total were conducted. The offline experiment verified the feasibility of using sJFPM in designing an SSVEP-BCI system with 120 stimuli. Furthermore, the online experiment demonstrated that the proposed system achieved an average performance of ${92.4}7\pm {1.83}\%$ in online accuracy and ${213.23}\pm {6.60}$ bits/min in online information transfer rate (ITR), where more than ${75}\%$ of the subjects attained the accuracy above ${90}\%$ and the ITR above 200 bits/min. This present study demonstrates the effectiveness of sJFPM in elevating the number of stimuli to more than 100 and extends our understanding of encoding a large number of stimuli by means of finer frequency division.