LAUSR

Frequency is an important metric for power stability. To enhance the situational awareness in power distribution systems, this paper proposes a data-driven approach that utilizes the data from micro phasor measurement units ( $\mu $ PMU) to categorize frequency events observed in distribution feeders. The proposed approach has three layers, each of which analyzes if a frequency event is propagated from the transmission system, formed inside a distribution feeder or falsely produced by instantaneous frequency (IF) estimation algorithms, respectively. In the first layer, the Granger causality is utilized to compare the causal relations from measurements across different locations to decide if an event is propagated from the transmission side. In the second layer, a trained sparse coding dictionary is utilized to unmix the physical causes of a frequency event. In the third layer, a moving z-score based event-pair detector is applied to identify if a frequency event is algorithm-induced. The proposed approach is tested using the $\mu $ PMU measurements collected from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and Riverside Public Utility (RPU).