LAUSR

With the rapid development of EV in the transportation system, its increasing influence on the power system has attracted more and more attention in recent years. Under such a background, a virtual EV energy network (VEEN) in traffic level coupled with the corresponding power grid is formed in this paper, considering the energy carried by EVs in a specified area as a virtual node. To further identify the vulnerable components in the coupled energy network, a hybrid approach based on a complex network (CN) is presented. A hybrid power transfer distribution factor (HPTDF) is proposed for the coupled energy network considering the variation of VEENs over time. Then, the line betweenness and the modified time-varying coupling net-ability are designed to evaluate the vulnerability of the coupled network. Furthermore, to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed models, three case studies are performed on the 39-bus IEEE power network coupled with a 19-node VEEN. The simulation result verifies the effectiveness of the method in terms of identifying the critical lines in a coupled energy network, and a vulnerability assessment progress by designing a slow-fast dynamic cascade failure simulator in this paper verifies that a VEEN layer coupling defense strategy can decrease the vulnerability of a power grid layer under random attacks.