LAUSR

The development of renewable energy systems and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is essential for achieving carbon neutrality. However, the large-scale introduction of photovoltaics (PV), whose generation fluctuates, necessitates high grid flexibility. BEVs can provide flexibility by controlling the charge/discharge of batteries. This study focuses on the provision of grid flexibility by public fast-chargers. The aim of the study is to develop an optimal charging model, which considers user convenience, and estimate the provided grid flexibility by BEV fast-charging. The addition of an economic incentive to the charging rates encourages users to change their charging behavior. The charging model optimizes the charging period and amount of charge based on the charging rates. User convenience factors, such as the charging frequency and user psychology on charging, are considered. Simulations are performed using road traffic data, and the provided grid flexibility is evaluated. Three cases with different incentive rates and five groups with different user psychologies toward charging are examined. The simulation results indicate that BEV fast-charging can be used to provide grid flexibility. The fast-charging demand during the evenings and nights on weekdays, when electricity shortage is a concern, can be shifted to daytime on weekends when there is surplus electricity due to PV overgeneration.