LAUSR

Battery swapping–charging system (BSCS) is efficient for battery swapping service provision to commercial electric vehicles (EVs) in a certain region. When multiple BSCSs are considered to serve a larger geographical span, achieving the efficient and collaborative management of the BSCSs located in different regions with various EV user behavior and system features is essential. This article proposed a closed-loop supply chain network-based multiregion battery swapping–charging network (MBSCN) model and a battery logistics model based on a multilayer time–space network technique. A distributionally robust chance-constrained service model is proposed to address the EV uncertainties without requiring assumptions on the probability distributions or a large number of historical data. The battery charging and discharging tasks are optimally allocated to each BSCS according to the locational energy price and the battery demands, while the battery logistics are optimally managed to ensure high-quality battery swapping service provision by considering regional battery demand uncertainties. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed-integer quadratically constrained programming model and is verified by two case studies. The results indicate that the MBSCN model is more flexible and efficient when interregional battery exchanges are incorporated.