LAUSR

Biaxial transducers are an emerging technology that can steer generated ultrasound waves using a single piezoceramic component. Simulations have also shown that biaxial transducers can passively estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of sound waves when operating in the receive mode. This research seeks to experimentally verify biaxial directivity estimates and establish directivity as an independent parameter detected by biaxial transducers. Three cuboid ( $3.84\times 3.84\times5.92$ mm) biaxial piezoceramics with two pairs of orthogonal electrodes (one pair applied laterally and one pair applied in the polling direction) were manufactured and characterized. Each transducer was placed in a water tank where an independent hemispherical source was attached to a moveable arm and operated at 250 kHz. Terminal voltages were recorded for 81 source positions in a plane parallel to the transducer’s front face and at a depth of approximately 9 cm. Collection was repeated three times per transducer to ensure reproducibility. In silico results were compared with the experimental results. Two derived metrics were then calculated using both the forward and lateral terminal voltages: the phase difference and amplitude ratio. Biaxial transducers demonstrate an ability to estimate the DOA of incident sound waves, independently of any time-of-flight (TOF) information. The phase difference and amplitude ratio complement each other to provide statistically significant and repeatable estimates over a range of 48° (from −24° to +24°). These results can be used to augment a variety of medical, geophysical, and industrial passive ultrasound imaging techniques.