LAUSR

This paper presents detailed analyses on leakage-based bandgap reference (BGR) circuit for ultralow-power applications. Design considerations for power supply rejection ratio and noise characteristics are provided with pole/zero analysis. Startup settling issue is also discussed with measurements. For verification, a test BGR circuit is implemented in a 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS technology. The standard deviation of proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) voltages measured from 20 chips is 1.15% at 30 °C. The BGR also uses two PTAT voltages to reduce the resistance for complementary-to-absolute-temperature generation, hence alleviating the tradeoff limitation between power consumption and area cost. With an active area of 0.056 mm², the BGR consumes 19 nW at room temperature. Measurements from 20 chips show a standard deviation of 0.54% at 30 °C without any trimming, a temperature dependence of 143 ppm/°C and a line regulation of 2.4%/V.