LAUSR

The fieldwork was financed by African Parks. We are grateful to the Congolese wildlife authorities (Ministere de l'Economie Forestiere et de l'Environnement) for the permission to carry out this study, and we are deeply indebted to the director of the OKNP and to the conservation, wildlife monitoring and research manager, Erik Marav, respectively, for their continued support during our study. We are particularly grateful to Dr. Mike Kock, veterinarian, for collaring the elephants and to the field tracking team. We are also grateful to Sean Cahill for the useful comments and English correction that helped improve this manuscript. The authors of the present study certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial or nonfinancial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.