LAUSR

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide but recent years have seen a rapidly rising proportion of cases of advanced non‐small cell carcinoma amenable to increasingly targeted therapy, initially based on the differential response to systemic treatment of tumours of squamous or glandular differentiation. In two‐thirds of the cases, where patients present with advanced disease, both primary pathological diagnosis and biomarker testing is based on small biopsies and cytopathological specimens. The framework of this article is an overview of the technical aspect of each stage of the specimen pathway with emphasis on maximising potential for success when using small cytology samples. It brings together the current literature addressing pre‐analytical and analytical aspects of specimen acquisition, performing rapid onsite evaluation, and undertaking diagnostic and predictive testing using immunocytochemistry and molecular platforms. The advantages and drawbacks of performing analysis on cell block and non‐cell block specimen preparations is discussed.