LAUSR

In egg-laying animals with no post-oviposition parental care, between- or within-patch oviposition site selection can determine offspring survival. However, despite the accumulation of evidence supporting the substantial impact predators have on oviposition site selection, few studies have examined whether oviposition site shift within patches (“micro-oviposition shift”) reduces predation risk to offspring. The benefits of prey micro-oviposition shift are underestimated in environments where predators cannot disperse from prey patches. In this study, we examined micro-oviposition shift by the herbivorous mite Tetranychus kanzawai in response to the predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi, by testing its effects on predator patch exploitation in situations where predatory mites were free to disperse from prey patches. Adult T. kanzawai females construct three-dimensional webs on leaf surfaces and usually lay eggs under the webs; however, females that have experienced predation risks, shift oviposition sites onto the webs even in the absence of current predation risks. We compared the predation of eggs on webs deposited by predator-experienced females with those on leaf surfaces. Predatory mites left prey patches with more eggs unpredated when higher proportions of prey eggs were located on webs, and egg survival on webs was much higher than that on leaf surfaces. These results indicate that a micro-oviposition shift by predator-experienced T. kanzawai protects offspring from predation, suggesting adaptive learning and subsociality in this species. Conversely, fecundity and longevity of predator-experienced T. kanzawai females were not reduced compared to those of predator-naive females; we could not detect any costs associated with the learned micro-oviposition shift. Moreover, the previously experienced predation risks did not promote between-patch dispersal of T. kanzawai females against subsequently encountered predators. Based on these results, the relationships of between-patch oviposition site selection and micro-oviposition shift are discussed.