LAUSR

reported in other studies. There was no increased incidence of UTIs or fibrosis secondary to the routine stent insertion in our series. The overall subjective success rate of 91% and objective success rates of 86% were comparable to those of our previous study. Thus, this large-volume, long-term study proposes that catheterless and drainless minimal-access day surgery is safe and should be considered in all patients with ASA scores of 1 and 2 with adequate social support. This study has some limitations, including those inherent in its retrospective observational design. One possible bias is that the technique has evolved over the course of the years included in the study period and the procedure was performed by more than one surgeon, which can potentially lead to different outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest singlecenter series of day-case minimal access pyeloplasty. We confirm our previously reported observation (for pure laparoscopy) that routine drains or urethral catheters are not required in minimal-access pyeloplasty (laparoscopic, with or without robotic assistance), which facilitates early recovery and day-case discharge without compromising long-term surgical outcomes. Further large randomized controlled studies are required to prospectively evaluate outcomes.