LAUSR

AIM To outline the development, implementation and evaluation of an alternative combined type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) care delivery strategy provided in the context of advanced practice nursing informed by co-created knowledge, between patients and healthcare teams to address identified gaps in care provision. DESIGN This study was informed by the theoretical underpinnings of critical theory and operationalized using a participatory action research (PAR) design. This approach enabled alignment between the theoretical underpinnings and research methodology to respond to practice-level problems and address issues related to healthcare delivery. METHODS The study was undertaken in a series of three cycles of enquiry over a 20 month period (July 2018-February 2020) in five geographically diverse specialist diabetes and nephrology centres. Data collection methods included PAR group minute consensus, retrospective chart review, discovery and focus group interviews. Thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. RESULTS Compared with international standard care outcomes, a higher proportion of patients attending combined care achieved best practice recommendations for blood pressure, Hba1c and lipid management (64.3% vs. <40%). Patients attending combined care experienced improved detection and management of CKD-related anaemia. Additionally, the combined care service experienced significantly lower levels of patient's failure to attend scheduled reviews compared with participating standard care services (0% vs. 7%-23.3%). CONCLUSIONS Best practice clinical care outcomes and patient attendance improved when a combined type 2 diabetes and CKD care delivery strategy provided in the context of advanced practice nursing was adopted. IMPACT This alternative care strategy represented a departure from standard care delivery approaches, in which care for type 2 diabetes and CKD is provided separately and led by physicians. Outcomes demonstrate improved clinical and attendance outcomes which may inform the development of future services led by advanced nurse practitioners.