LAUSR

Postnatal growth in birds is traditionally modelled by fitting three-parameter models, namely the logistic, the Gompertz, or the von Bertalanffy models. The purpose of this paper is to address the utility of the Unified-Richards (U-Richards) model. We draw attention to two forms of the U-Richards and lay down a set of recommendations for the analysis of bird growth, in order to make this model and the methods more accessible. We examine the behaviour of the four parameters in each model form and the four derived measurements, and we show that all are easy to interpret, and that each parameter controls a single curve characteristic. The two parameters that control the inflection point, enable us to compare its placement in two dimensions, 1) inflection value (mass or length at inflection) and 2) inflection time (time since hatching), between data sets (e.g. between biometrics or between species). We also show how the parameter controlling growth rate directly presents us with the relative growth rate at inflection, and we demonstrate how one can compare growth rates across data sets. The three traditional models, where the inflection value is fixed (to a specific percentage of the upper asymptote), provide incompatible growth-rate coefficients. One of the two forms of the U-Richards model makes it possible to fix not only the upper asymptote (adult value), but also the intersection with the y-axis (hatching value). Fitting the new model forms to data validates the usefulness of interpreting the inflection placement in addition to the growth rate. It also illustrated the advantages and limitations of constraining the upper asymptote (adult value) and the y-axis intersection (hatching value) to fixed values. We show that the U-Richards model can successfully replace some of the commonly used growth models, and we advocate replacing these with the U-Richards when modelling bird growth.