LAUSR

Global warming affects the metabolism of ectothermic aquatic breathers forcing them to migrate and undergo high-latitudinal distribution shifts to circumvent the temperature-induced mismatch between increased metabolic demand and reduced water oxygen availability. Here we examined the effects of temperature on oxygen consumption rates in an arctic stenotherm, the Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and calculated the optimal temperature for maximum aerobic scope, AS, (Topt, AS ) which we found to be 2.44° C. We also investigated cardiac performance as limiting the oxygen transport chain at high temperatures by measuring maximum heart rate (fHmax ) over acute temperature increases and found various metrics related to fHmax to be at least 3.2° C higher than Topt, AS . Our measured Topt, AS closely reflected in situ temperature occurrences of Greenland halibut from long-term tagging studies, showing that AS of the species is adapted to its habitat temperature, and is thus a good proxy for the species' sensitivity to environmental warming. We did not find a close connection between fHmax and Topt, AS , suggesting that cardiac performance is not limiting for the oxygen transport chain at high temperatures in this particular arctic stenotherm. Our estimate of the thermal envelope for AS of Greenland halibut was from -1.89° C to 8.07° C, which is exceptionally narrow compared to most other species of fish. As ocean temperatures increase most rapidly in the Arctic in response to climate change, and species in these areas have limited possibility for further poleward range shifts, these results suggest potential severe effects of global warming on arctic stenotherms, such as the Greenland halibut. The species' considerable economic importance raises concerns for future fisheries and species conservation of arctic stenotherms in the northern hemisphere. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.