Four‐dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) can directly estimate turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) which is associated with pressure loss that are not assessable by other imaging modalities. Click to show full abstract
Four‐dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) can directly estimate turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) which is associated with pressure loss that are not assessable by other imaging modalities.
               
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